Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Ap Biology Lab free essay sample

Explain how environmental factors affect the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Explain why catalysis activity decreased over time. 3. Introduction †¢ An enzyme is a specific organic catalyst (substance that speeds up reaction without being used up in the experiment) in which it binds on to a specific substrate (reactant) at the active site and lowers the activation energy required to perform that reaction. Enzymes are important biologically because, for example, the human body performs certain reactions that keep us alive and most of them react at 37 degrees Celsius (body temperature. In each of these reactions, there is an enzyme that catalyzes these reactions to lower the amount of energy needed to perform this reaction. If enzymes didn’t exist then body temperature wouldn’t be enough to perform any of these reactions properly. Enzymes have certain conditions in which it will work in. For instance, most enzymes react at certain temperatures (varies in each enzyme), most enzymes react from a pH of 6- 8, and react faster or slower according to the amount of substrate present. We will write a custom essay sample on Ap Biology Lab or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Altering temperature, pH level, and concentrations of enzyme and substrates may cause absolute no change to the activation energy in which the enzyme would have been denatured. In addition to these environmental factors, other molecules may react with an enzyme. These may have great to no effect on the enzymes. Those that increase the rate of substrate entrance into the active site are known as activators by hitting the enzyme on one side of the protein (enzymes are protein) and altering the shape of the active site on the other side. Those molecules that slow down or stop activation are known as inhibitors which bind on to one side of the protein and cause the active site to misshapen which would decrease or eliminate the amount of substrates that may enter the active site. 4. Materials and Methods †¢ See lab notebook pages. 5. Results 2a: 1. Observe the reaction a. What is the enzyme in this reaction? †¢ Catalase solution b. What is the substrate in this reaction? †¢ H2O2 c. What is the product in this reaction? †¢ H20 and 02 d. How could you show that the gas evolved is 02 Capture bubbles in closed solution and ignite. If flame appears then if 02 2. Explain the reason for this difference. †¢ First reaction had 02 gas bubbles and the second one did not have bubbles. 3. What do you observe? What do you think would happen if the liver was boiled before being added to the H2O2? †¢ Gaseous bubbles formed around the liver. If liver had been boiled there would be no bubbles. 2b: Baseline calculation Final reading of burette 22. 5 mL Initial reading of burette 26. 5 mL Baseline (initial- final) 4 mL 2c: Uncatalyzed H2O2 decomposition Explain your prediction. a. Lowering the temperature slow the rate of enzyme activity because of the effect on the activation energy. 6. Design a controlled experiment to test the effect of varying pH, temperature, or enzyme concentration. a. A controlled experiment that would test pH could include comparing two groups, a control group with no added acid, and an experimental group with added acid. Each group would consist of a solution containing an enzyme such as catalase and the material it breaks down such as H2O2. The independent variable would be the added acid while the dependent variable would be the difference in amount of H2O2 broken down. This could be measured through a titration of KMnO4. Discussion: Experimental results in 2D did not support conclusion effectively. Conclusion should’ve reflected that when time is a factor, more and more substrate gets used up by the enzyme. The reason is because when the titration was taking place, different people were doing it which would affect the credibility and precision of the titration. This false procedure caused the results to vary and fluctuate accordingly to the mistake taking place.

Saturday, November 23, 2019

buy custom The Robert Reich’s Essay essay

buy custom The Robert Reich’s Essay essay The Robert Reichs essay Why the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer explains the prevailing economic inequality among three groups of workers. The group of routine producers is getting poorer at a faster rate; the group of in person servers is getting poorer at an uneven and slower rate; while the group of symbolic analysts is getting richer by the day. This is diverging from a time during which there was no economic gap among the workers in these groups. All Americans used to be in roughly the same economic boat (Reicher, 291). Basing on the Reichs perspective, a lot of factors have contributed to these economic inequalities. The main reason is that the labor market has disintegrated into the global webs and national borders no longer define our economic fates (Reicher, 291). The shift of routine production from industrialized to developing nations, increased immigration-both legal and illegal, and increased demand for insight and clever problem solving, are the basis for these inequalities. Firms are in search for the cheapest labor so that they can maximize a profit. This labor is easily available from immigrants, who come from developing countries and who are willing to work for a fraction of the minimum wage initially offered to the U.S workers. In this sense, immigration seems to have a negative impact on the American labor force and is thus not a hopeful sign. Most people believe that immigration has opened doors for cheap laborers who will take over most of the jobs of the Americans. The American people in turn are not willing to sell off their high skills for lower than minimum wages. Immigration has led to stiff competition especially in the routine producers and in person servers groups, who are losing their jobs because of the extremely low wages being offered, but accepted by immigrants. Reich (295) predicts that the U.S labor force will comprise even more immigrants in the future. With the consequences of immigration labor, the uneven income and wealth distribution will further widen. In conclusion, unless the immigration laws are reformed to accept only highly skilled labor in the workforce, the future economy of the U.S is doomed. Buy custom The Robert Reich’s Essay essay

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Guinness International Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Guinness International - Essay Example Alcohol is a dependence-producing drug that causes detrimental societal and physical effects. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), it leads to diseases, early mortality, accidents, and violent crimes (Camerra-Rowe, 11-12, 17). No doubt, the technologies in the beer industry are the brewing facilities and the bottling and packaging technology. However, technology is not the critical success factor for brewing fine beer, more important are the brewer's marketing image and the recipe (Alan Moen). Beer brewing contributes to global warming by emitting carbon dioxide. The use and disposal of bottles and packaging also contribute to environmental pollution (Brewers Association of Japan). Hence, beer brewing is a cause of concern for much environmentalists (Camerra-Rowe, 8, 24). The beer industry operates within a tight legal environment. Numerous legislation exist in various nations to curb the advertising and excessive consumption of alcohol (Camerra-Rowe, 5, 14-15). Examples include control on drunk driving, operation hours of pubs, advertising, distribution, and even import controls, such as in Sweden (Camerra-Rowe, 13-15; Diageo, 9). Strong marketing and advertising (Asia Pacific Breweries Limited, 2). ... SWOT ANALYSIS Having analysed the external environment, let us perform an internal analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats specific to the company. Strengths Sales volume increases in Asia in recent years (Asia Pacific Breweries Limited, 2). Strong marketing and advertising (Asia Pacific Breweries Limited, 2). Its main forms of advertising are magazine, newspaper, point of sale, poster and billboard advertising, and radio, cinema, and television advertising where appropriate. It also uses consumer promotional programmes in the on trade, such as bars and restaurants (Diageo, 8). Strong in human resources. Guinness International Learning Centre was set up for the purpose of training and development (Diageo, 8; Guinness Storehouse). Besides, the building of a pool of talented human resources is its core strategic imperative (Diageo, 8). Hence, it provides a competitive compensation package (Diageo, 8). Established and strong in the Africa market (Diageo, 7). Its parent company, Diageo is "the world's leading premium drinks business with a collection of international brand" (Diageo, 1). Weaknesses Not the leader in market share in Asia (Asia Pacific Breweries Limited, 15). No emphasis on research and development (Diageo, 9) Opportunities Alcohol consumption in eastern Europe, Asia, Indochina (Vietnam and Cambodia), and America is rising (Asia Pacific Breweries Limited, 1; Camerra-Rowe, 8). Europe, with the highest per capita alcohol consumption in the world (Camerra-Rowe, 12), is a mature market. The market is fragmented due to differences in taste around the world, as well as national barriers to trade that stipulate the allowable ingredients, alcoholic content level, and size of containers of beer (Camerra-Rowe, 5). For example,